Emotions are multifaceted, but a key aspect of emotion involves the assessment of the value of environmental stimuli. This peer reviewed article brings many psychological representations, including representations of stimulus value, which are formed in the brain during instrumental conditioning tasks. These representations may be related directly to the many functions of the cortex such as the cortical and sub cortical neural structures. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is required for conditioned stimulus to gain access to the current value of the specific unconditioned stimulus that it predicts. The central nucleus of the amygdala acts as a controller of brainstem arousal and response systems, and serves in some forms of stimulus–response for conditioning. The nucleus appears not to be required for knowledge of the contingency between instrumental actions and their outcomes. The prelimbic cortex is required for the detection of instrumental action–outcome contingencies. The orbit frontal cortex, like the BLA, may act as a reinforce value that govern instrumental choice of behavior. Finally, the anterior cingulated cortex, implicated in human disorders of emotion and attention, may have multiple roles in responding to the emotional significance of stimuli and to errors in performance, preventing responding to inappropriate stimuli. In chapter 12 of our text it reviews in more depth the neuroanatomy of motivated behavior.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Volume 26, Issue 3, May 2002, Pages 321-352
Rudolf N. Cardinal, John A. Parkinson, Jeremy Hall, Barry J. Everitt
Received 20 February 2002; Accepted 20 February 2002. Available online 10 April 2002.
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